"Step 1: Select a market and a
timeframe
Step 2: Define entry rules
Step 3: Define exit rules
Step 4: Evaluate your system
Step 5: Improving the system
Let’s take a closer look at these steps.
Step 1: Select a market and a timeframe
Every market and every timeframe can be
traded with a system. But if you want to look at 50 different futures markets
and 6 major timeframes (e.g. 5min, 10min, 15min, 30min, 60min and daily), then
you need to evaluate 300 possible options. Here are some hints on how to limit
your choices:
· Though you can trade every futures
markets, I recommend that you stick to the electronic markets (e.g. e-mini
S&P and other indices, Treasury Bonds and Notes, Currencies, etc). Usually
these markets are very liquid, and you won’t have a problem entering and
exiting a trade. Another advantage of electronic markets is lower commissions:
Expect to pay at least half the commissions you pay on non-electronic markets.
Sometimes the difference can be as high as 75%.
· When you select a smaller timeframes
(less than 60min) your average profit per trade is usually comparably low. On
the other hand you get more trading opportunities. When trading on a larger
timeframe your profits per trade will be bigger, but you will have less trading
opportunities. It’s up to you to decide which timeframe suits you best.
· Smaller timeframes mean smaller profits,
but usually smaller risk, too. When you are starting with a small trading
account, then you might want to select a small timeframe to make sure that you
are not overtrading your account.
Most profitable trading systems use larger
timeframes like daily and weekly, but be prepared for less trading action and
bigger drawdowns.
Step 2: Define entry rules
Let’s simplify the myths of “entry rules”:
Basically there are 2 different kinds of entry setups:
· Trend-following: When prices are moving
up, you buy, and when prices are going down, you sell.
· Swing-trading: When prices are trading at
an extreme (e.g. upper band of a channel), you sell, and you try to catch the
small move while prices are moving back into “normalcy”. The same applies for
selling.
In my opinion swing trading is actually one of the best trading styles for the beginning trader to get his or her feet wet. By contrast, trend trading offers greater profit potential if a trader is able to catch a major market trend of weeks or months, but few are the traders with sufficient discipline to hold a position for that period of time without getting distracted.
Most indicators that you will find in your
charting software belong to one of these two categories: You have either
indicators for identifying trends (e.g. Moving Averages) or indicators that
define overbought or oversold situations and therefore offer you a trade setup
for a short term swing trade.
So don’t become confused by all the
possibilities of entering a trade. Just make sure that you understand why you
are using a certain indicator or what the indicator is measuring. An example of
a simple swing trading strategy can be found in the next chapter.
Step 3: Define exit rules
Let’s keep it simple here, too: There are
two different exit rules you want to apply:
· Stop Loss Rules to protect your capital
and
· Profit Taking Exits to realize your
profits
Both exit rules can be expressed in four
ways:
· A fixed dollar amount (e.g. $1,000)
· A percentage of the current price (e.g.
1% of the entry price)
· A percentage of the volatility (e.g. 50%
of the average daily movement) or
· A time stop (e.g. exit after 3 days)
I don’t recommend using a fixed dollar
amount, because markets are too different. For example, natural gas changes an
average of a few thousand dollars per day per contract; however, Eurodollars
change an average of a few hundred dollars a day per contract. You need to
balance and normalize this difference when developing a trading system and
testing it on different markets. That’s why you should always use percentages
for stops and profit targets (e.g. 1% stop) or a volatility stop instead of a
fixed dollar amount.
A time stop gets you out of a trade if it
is not moving in any direction, therefore freeing your capital for other
trades.
Step 4: Evaluate your system
The first figure to look for is the net
profit. Obviously you want your system to generate profits. But don’t be
frustrated when during the development stage your trading system shows a loss;
try to reverse your entry signals. On our website www.rockwelltrading.com you
already learned that trading is a zero sum game: So if you are going long at a
certain price level, and you lose, then try to go short instead.
Many times this is the easiest way to turn a losing system into a winning one.
Many times this is the easiest way to turn a losing system into a winning one.
The next figure you want to look at is the
average profit per trade. Make sure this number is greater than slippage and
commissions, and that it makes your trading worthwhile. Trading is all about
risk and reward, and you want to make sure you get a decent reward for your
risk.
Take a look at the Profit Factor (Gross
Profit / Gross Loss). This will tell you how many dollars you are likely to win
for every dollar you lose. The higher the profit factor the better the system.
A system should have a profit factor of 1.5 or more, but watch out when you see
profit factors above 3.0, because it might be that you over-optimized the
system.
Here are some more characteristics you
might want to consider besides the net profit of a system:
· Winning percentage
Many profitable trading systems achieve a
nice net profit with a rather small winning percentage, sometimes even below
30%. These systems follow the principle “Cut your losses short and let your
profits run”. However, YOU need to decide whether you can stand 7 losers and
only 3 winners in 10 trades. If you want to be “right” most of the time, then
you should pick a system with a high winning percentage.
· Number of Trades per Month
Do you need daily action? If you want to
see something happening every day, then you should pick a trading system with a
high number of trades per month. Many profitable trading systems generate only
2-3 trades per month, but if you are not patient enough to wait for it, then
you should select a system with a higher trading frequency.
· Average Time in Trade
Some people get really nervous when they
are in a trade. I have heard of people who can’t even sleep at night when they
have an open position. If that’s you, then you should make sure that the
average time in a trade is as short as possible. You might want to choose a
system that does not hold any positions overnight.
· Maximum Drawdown
A famous trader once said: “If you want
your system to double or triple your account, you should expect a drawdown of
up to 30% on your way to trading riches.” Not every trader can stand a 30%
drawdown. Look at the maximum drawdown the system produced so far, and double
it. If you can stand this drawdown, then you found the right system. Why
doubling? Remember: your worst drawdown is always ahead of you.
· Most consecutive losses
The amount of most consecutive losses has a
huge impact on your trading, especially when you are using certain types of
money management techniques. Five or six consecutive losses can cause you a lot
of trouble when using an aggressive money management.
In addition this number will help you to
determine whether you have enough discipline to trade the system: Will you
still trade the system after you have experienced 10 losses in a row? It’s not
unusual for a profitable trading system to have 10-12 losses in a row.
Step 5: Improving your system
There is a difference between “improving”
and “curve-fitting” a system. You can improve your system by testing different
exit methods: If you are using a fixed stop, try a trailing stop instead. Add a
time stop and evaluate the results again. Don’t look only at the net profit;
look also at the profit factor, average profit per trade and maximum drawdown.
Many times you will see that the net profit slightly decreases when you add
different stops, but the other figures might improve dramatically.
Don’t fall into the trap of
over-optimizing: You can eliminate almost all losers by adding enough rules.
Example: If you see that on Tuesdays you had more losers than on the other
weekdays, you might be tempted to add a “filter” that prevents your system from
entering trades on Tuesdays. Next you find that in January you had much worse
results than in other months, so you add a filter that enters trades only from
February – December. You add more and more filters to avoid losses, and
eventually you end up with a trading rule that I saw recently:
IF FVE > -1 And Regression Slope (Close
, 35) / Close.35 * 100 > -.35 And Regression Slope (Close , 35) / Close.35 *
100 < .4 And Regression Slope (Close , 70) / Close.70 * 100 > -.4 And
Regression Slope (Close , 70) / Close.70 * 100 < .4 And Regression Slope
(Close , 170) / Close.170 * 100 > -.2 And MACD Diff (Close , 12 , 26 , 9)
> -.003 And Not Tuesday And Not DayOfMonth = 12 and not Month = August and
Time > 9:30 …
Though you eliminated all possibilities of
losing (in the past) and this trading system is now producing fantastic
profits, it’s very unlikely that it will continue to do so when it hits
reality."
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